English Grammar : Auxiliary Verbs

Auxiliary Verbs

• अंग्रेजी भाषा में Verbs को दो वर्गों (Classes) में बाँटा गया है —

1. Lexical verbs :- वे Verbs जो Sentence में Main verbs के रूप में प्रयुक्त होते हैं जिसका V¹, V², V³, V⁴ तथा V⁵ के form में प्रयोग होता है तथा जिसका अर्थ स्वतंत्र होता है, Lexical verbs कहलाते हैं। इसे ordinary verbs भी कहा जाता है। जैसे- to go, to drink, to laugh, to run, to walk, to eat… etc.

I write a letter. (V¹ – write)
He wrote a letter. (V² – wrote)
He has not written a letter. (V³ – written)
He is writing a letter. (V⁴ – writing)
He writes a letter. (V⁵ – writes)

2. Auxiliary verbs :- वे verbs जो अन्य verbs के साथ प्रयुक्त होकर Question, Negative तथा Tense बनाने के साथ-साथ possibility (संभावना) तथा willingness (इच्छा) को express करने का कार्य करते हैं, Auxiliary verbs कहलाते हैं। इन्हें helping verbs भी कहा जाता है। जैसे –

He is writing a letter.
You don’t like her.
Her father may come today.
He can lift this box.
I am reading a book.
Do you speak English?
It might rain today.

Note :- (i) Auxiliary verbs जैसे – am, is, are, has, have etc. का प्रयोग sentence में स्वतंत्र रूप से Main verb के रूप में भी होता है। जैसे –

I am an advocate. (am used as main verb)
She is a good girl. (is used as main verb)
You have a watch. (have used as main verb)
He was an honest man. (was used as main verb)
They are industrious. (are used as main verb)

(ii) Auxiliary Verbs — Be, do, have, need तथा dare का प्रयोग Lexical Verbs के रूप में भी होता है। जैसे –

He was doing his work. (doing used as Lexical Verbs)
I have written a book. (have used as Lexical Verbs)
She needs your help. (needs used as Lexical Verbs)
He dares to go there. (dares used as Lexical Verl)

• प्रयोग तथा बनावट के दृष्टिकोण से Auxiliary Verbs को तीन भागों में बाँटा जा सकता है।

1. Primary Auxiliary Verbs :- Verb to be जैसे – be, am, is, are, was, were, been, being; Verb to have जैसे – have, has, had, having तथा verb to do जैसे – do, does, did को Primary Auxiliary Verbs कहा जाता है।

2. Modal Auxiliary Verbs :- can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to को Modal Auxiliary Verbs कहा जाता है।

3. Marginal Auxiliary Verbs :- used to, dare तथा need को marginal Auxiliary Verbs कहा जाता है।

Some Important Facts of Auxiliary Verbs

Rule (1) :- Modal Auxiliary verbs का प्रयोग Main Verbs के रूप में नहीं होता है। इसका प्रयोग Helping Verbs के रूप में होता है। जैसे –

You can help me.
He will go there tomorrow.
It may rain today.
She could pass the examination.
We must respect our elders.

Rule (2) :- Modal Auxiliary Verbs का V¹, V², V³, V⁴ तथा V⁵ forms नहीं होते हैं। इसका प्रयोग सभी numbers तथा persons के Subjects के साथ हमेशा एक ही रूप में होता है। अर्थात् इसके रूप (form) में कोई परिवर्तन नहीं होता है। जैसे –

I can speak English.
We can speak English.
You can speak English.
He can speak English.
They can speak English.

Rule (3) :- सामान्यतः Modal Auxiliary Verbs के बाद V¹ का प्रयोग होता है। अर्थात् Infinitive with ‘to’ का प्रयोग नहीं होता है। जैसे –

Rule (4) :- Ought तथा Used के बाद Infinitive with ‘to’ का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

We ought to help the poor. (✔️)
We ought help the poor. (❌)
He used to walk in the morning. (✔️)
He used walk in the morning. (❌)

Rule (5) :- Dare तथा Need का प्रयोग Main Verb के रूप में होता है। जैसे –

He needs my help. (need used as Main verb)
She does not dare to go there. (dare used as Main verb)

Rule (6) :- Verb to be का प्रयोग Continuous Tense में V⁴ के पहले होता है। जैसे –

He is taking coffee.
I was playing cricket.
She will be dancing.

Rule (7) :- Verb to be का प्रयोग Passive voice में V³ के पहले होता है। जैसे –

A letter was written by me.
My watch has been stolen.
A book had been written by him.

Rule (8) :- Verb to be का प्रयोग Passive voice में Intransitive verbs के V³ के पहले होता है। जैसे –

The sun has come out. (सूरज निकल गया है।)
Summer is gone. (ग्रीष्म चला गया है।)

Rule (9) :- Do/does/did का प्रयोग Simple Present तथा Simple Past Tense में Negative sentence बनाने के लिए होता है। जैसे –

He does not want to tell a lie.
You don’t tell me a story.
She did not give me a note book.

Rule (10) :- Do/does/did का प्रयोग Question या Interrogative sentence बनाने के लिए किया जाता है। Do/does तथा did के बाद हमेशा V¹ का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

Does he write a letter?
Did he come yesterday?
Do you love me?

Rule (11) :- Do/does/did का प्रयोग Simple Present तथा Simple Past Tense के Sentences को Emphatic बनाने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

He does sing a song.
You do write a letter.

Rule (12) :- Do का प्रयोग Imperative sentence का Negative तथा Emphatic बनाने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

Don’t go there.
Do sing it again.

Rule (13) :- Has/have/had का प्रयोग Present, Past तथा future Tense के sentences में V³ के पहले होता है। जैसे –

I have made a mistake.
You have spoken the truth.
He has written a letter.
I had heard of her before.
She will have arrived there.

Note : (i) Is, are, am, was, were, been, do, does, did, has, have तथा had का प्रयोग Main Verb के रूप में होता है। जैसे –

We are happy.
She is naughty.
He was a popular leader.
They were sailors.
He does nothing but play.

(ii) is, are, am, was, were, has, have, had etc. के बाद Infinitive with to का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

I am to see her tomorrow.
We are to be married next month.
I have to move the furniture myself.

Use of Modal Auxiliary Verbs

(I) Use of Can

Rule (1) :- Can का प्रयोग power (शक्ति), ability (योग्यता) तथा capacity (सामर्थ्य/क्षमता) को express (अभिव्यक्त) करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

He can lift the box.
I can swim across the river.
You can speak English.
She can solve the problem.
I can defeat my opponent.
We can climb Mount Abu.

Note : इस प्रकार के sentences में can का अर्थ be able to/be capable of/know how to होता है। जैसे –

You can speak English.

अर्थ – (i) You are able to speak English.
(ii) You are capable of speaking English.
(iii) You know how to speak English.

Ruel (2) :- Can का प्रयोग permission (अनुमति) देने के भाव को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

You can go now.
You can buy pens from the shop.
Can I go to the cinema tonight?
Can I see your diary?
Stop! you can’t do that.

Note : (i) इस प्रकार के Sentences में can का अर्थ be allowed to/be permitted to होता है। जैसे –

You can go now.

अर्थ – (i) You are allowed to go now.
(ii) You are permitted to go now.

(ii) Permission देने के भाव को express करने के लिए can के बदले may के प्रयोग को ज्यादा बेहतर और उपयुक्त माना जाता है।

(iii) Permission लेने के भाव को express करने के लिए May के प्रयोग को ज्यादा बेहतर और उपयुक्त माना जाता है। अतः हम लोगों को permission लेने के लिए may का प्रयोग ही करना चहिए, न कि can का।

Rule (3) :- Can का प्रयोग theoretical possibility (सैद्धातिक सम्भावना) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

Everyone can make a mistake.
It can’t be true.
Electricity can be dangerous.

Rule (4) :- Can का प्रयोग habit (आदत) or nature (स्वभाव) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

A deceitful person can deceive us.
An honest man cannot harm anyone.

(II) Use of Could

Rule (1) :- Could का प्रयोग can के Past Tense form के रूप में Indirect speech में होता है। जैसे –

He said, “I can beat you in the race.”
→ He said that he could beat me in the race.

Rule (2) :- could का प्रयोग Past ability/power/capacity (भूतकाल में निहित योग्यता/शक्ति/सामर्थ्य) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

My brother could drive a car at the age of sixteen.
He could pass the Board examination.
When I was young, I could outrun him.

Note : उपरोक्त Sentences में Could के प्रयोग से क्षमता का बोध हो रहा है, कार्य के पूरा होने का नहीं। कोई कार्य/व्यापार समाप्त हुआ का बोध कराने के लिए was / were able to, managed to, succeeded in etc का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

He could pass the Board examination.
उसे बोर्ड परीक्षा पास करने की क्षमता थी, परन्तु पास किया या नहीं, यह मालूम नहीं।

अर्थ –
= He was able to pass the Board Examination.
= He passed the Board Examination.
वह शक्ति और सामर्थ्य के कारण बोर्ड परीक्षा पास कर सका।

Rule (3) :- Could का प्रयोग Polite request/permission के भाव को express करने के लिए Interrogative sentence में होता है। जैसे –

Could you help her, please?
Could I smoke here?
Could I borrow your notebook for two days?
Could you, please, post this letter?

Note : Polite Request/Permission (विनम्र निवेदन/अनुमति) के भाव को express करने के लिए can तथा may की अपेक्षा could के प्रयोग को ज्यादा बेहतर और उपयुक्त माना जाता है।

Rule (4) :- Could का प्रयोग Possibility (संभावना) को express करने के लिए Present के unreal situation (अवास्तविक परिस्थिति) को express करने वाले sentences में होता है। जैसे –

If I had more money, I could buy a motor cycle.
If you worked hard, you could succeed.

(III) Use of May

Rule (1) :- May का प्रयोग to take or give permission (अनुमति देने/लेने) के भाव को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

Q. May I use your mobile?
A. Yes, you may.

Q. May I come in, sir?
A. No, you may not.

Q. May I go out, madam?
A. Yes, you may.

Q. May she live with you ?
A. Yes, she may live with me.

Note : (i) इस प्रकार के Sentences में may का प्रयोग be allowed to के अर्थ में हुआ है। जैसे –

You may go now.
अर्थ – You are allowed to go now.

(ii) Formal style में To give permission (अनुमति देने) के भाव को express करने के लिए can से ज्यादा may का प्रयोग प्रचलन में है।

Rule (2) :- May का प्रयोग Possibility/uncertainty (संभावना/अनिश्चितता) के भाव को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

It may rain today.
Your uncle may come today.
She may come late today.
I may buy a colour T.V. this year.
It may be true.

Rule (3) :- May का प्रयोग wish/pray/bless/curse (इच्छा/अभिलाषा, प्रार्थना, आशीर्वाद, अभिशाप) को express करने के लिए optative sentence में होता है। जैसे –

May you live long!
May God bless you
May you have a happy and long life !
May you succeed in life !
May our publisher live long!

Rule (4) :- यदि Principal clause Present Tense में हो तथा subordinate clause that/so that/in order that से स्टार्ट (प्रारंभ) हो तथा इससे purpose (उद्देश्य) का बोध हो तो subordinate clause में may का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

I work hard that/so that/in order that I may succeed.
(मैं कठिन परिश्रम करता हूँ ताकि मैं सफल हो सकूँ।)
We eat that/so that/in order that we may live.
(हमलोग खाते हैं ताकि हमलोग जिन्दा रह सकें।)
We obey our elders that/so that/in order that we may prosper in our life.
(हमलोग अपने से बड़ों की आज्ञा का पालन करते हैं ताकि हमलोग अपने जीवन में उन्नति कर सकें।)

Rule (5) :- May का प्रयोग uncertainty/surprise (अनिश्चितता /आश्चर्य) के भाव को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

How old she may be !
Who may be there!

(IV) Use of ‘Might’

Rule (1) :- Might का प्रयोग may के Past Tense form के रूप में Indirect speech में होता है। जैसे –

He said, “You may go now”.
→ He said that I might go then.

He said, “May you live long!
→ He said that I might live long.

Rule (2) :- Might का प्रयोग less possibility (कम संभावना) के भाव को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जबकि may का प्रयोग more possibility के भाव को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

It might rain today.
It may rain today.

Note : (i) जब किसी कार्य या व्यापार के होने की बहुत अधिक संभावना हो तो can का प्रयोग होता है।
(ii) Can से कम संभावना के भाव को express करने के लिए may का प्रयोग होता है।
(iii) May से कम संभावना के भाव को express करने के लिए might का प्रयोग होता है।

Rule (3) : Might का प्रयोग polite request/permission (विनम्र निवेदन/अनुमति) के भाव को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

Might I ask a question?
You might make a little less noise.

Note : (i) अब तक हमलोगों ने देखा कि polite request/permission के भाव को express करने के लिए can, could, may तथा might का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(ii) लेकिन can/may की अपेक्षा अधिक विनम्रता तथा झिझक के भाव को express करने के लिए could/might का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
(iii) Can से ज्यादा politeness (विनम्रता) के भाव को express करने के लिए may का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

Rule (4) :- Suppositional sentence – I wish, we wish, he wishes, she wishes, as if, as though, if only, suppose से स्टार्ट होते हैं। इससे कोरी कल्पना का बोध होता है। कोरी कल्पना को express करने वाले clause में might का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

If you worked hard, you might succeed.
I wish he might have seen ‘Mother India’.
If you had left your note book there, somebody might have stolen it.

(V) Use of ‘Shall’

Rule (1) :- Shall का प्रयोग first person के Subjects I/we के साथ future के किसी कार्य-व्यापार, घटना को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

I shall go to Muzaffarpur tomorrow.
We shall go there tonight.

Note : Shall का प्रयोग second person के Subject – you तथा third person के Subject – He, she, it, they, S. N. or P. N. के साथ command (आदेश), promise (प्रतिज्ञा/वादा) threatened (धमकी), determination (दृढ़संकल्प), compulsion (अनिवार्यता) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

(a) Command (आदेश)

You shall sit outside the office.
He shall go there at once.

(b) Promise (प्रतिज्ञा/वादा)

You shall have a holiday tomorrow.
He shall be awarded.

(c) Threatened (धमकी)

If you do this, you shall be dismissed.
He shall be punished if he does that again.

(d) Determination (दृढ़संकल्प)

You shall go there.
He shall obey me.

(E) Compulsion (अनिवार्यता)

You shall come to school at ten.
Students shall pay their fees by the 8th of every month.

Rule (2) :- Let us/let’s से स्टार्ट होने वाले Imperative sentences के question tags में shall का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

Let us dance together, shall we?
Let’s play, shall we?

Rule (3) :- Shall का प्रयोग suggestions (सुझावों) को express करने वाले Interrogative sentence में first person के subjects के साथ होता है। जैसे –

Shall we talk to the headman?
Shall I open the gate ?

Rule (4) :- Shall का प्रयोग simple futurity (सामान्य भविष्य में होने वाली घटना), permission (अनुमति) or desire (इच्छा) को express करने वाले Interrogative sentence में first person के subject के साथ होता है। जैसे –

(a) Simple futurity

Shall I be wasting in despair ?

(b) Permission

Shall we go out?

(c) Desire

Shall I thread the needle for you?

Rule (5) :- Shall का प्रयोग Orders (आदेशों), Instructions (निर्देशों) तथा Speculations (अनुमानों) को express करने वाले Interrogative sentence में first person के subjects के साथ होता है। जैसे –

(a) Orders or Instructions

What shall I do for your children, sir?

(b) Speculations

What shall I do in a month?
Where shall we live this time next week?

(VI) Use of ‘Will’

Rule (1) :- Will का प्रयोग Second तथा Third Person के subjects (you/he, she, it, S. N, they, P. N) के साथ future के किसी कार्य, व्यापार, घटना को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

You will go to Jamshedpur tomorrow.
He will help her.
They will come back soon.
She will marry Rakesh next month.
The Super Fast Express will leave at 10: 30 a. m.

Note : Will का प्रयोग First Person के Subjects I/we के साथ determination (दृढ़संकल्प/पक्का इरादा), promise (प्रतिज्ञा/वादा), threatening (धमकी), willingness (इच्छा) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

(a) Determination

I will not surrender before the judge.
We will not allow her to come in.

(b) Promise

I will do everything for my son.
We will try to help you in this examination.

(c) Threatening.

I will kill him.
We will spoil you.

(d) Willingness

I will go to Rajgir with my wife.
We will request him to help you.

Rule (2) : Will का प्रयोग second तथा Third person के subjects (you/he, she, it, S. N., They or P. N.) के साथ Interrogative sentences में Information (सूचना) प्राप्त करने के लिए होता है। जैसे –

Will you buy a radio set today?
Will he go to Rajgir tomorrow?

Rule 3 : Will का प्रयोग invitation (निमंत्रण), request (आग्रह), instructions (निर्देशों), orders (आदेशों) तथा inevitability (अवश्यसम्भाविता) के भाव को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

(a) Invitation

Will you come to dinner?

(b) Request

Will you help me?

(c) Instructions/orders

Bring a glass of water, will you?
You will do it anyway.

(d) Inevitability

Accidents will happen.
The poor will be poor.

Note : (i) be obliged, be grateful, be forced, be compelled, be at a loss, be able, be unable का प्रयोग किसी sentence में हो तो first person के subjects- I/we के साथ हमेशा shall का प्रयोग होता है न कि will का। जैसे –

I shall be obliged to you.
I will be obliged to you.
I shall be able to do it.
I will be able to do it.

(ii) Will not/won’t का प्रयोग refusal (इन्कार) के भाव को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

I will not do it anycost.
I won’t do it anycost.
The car will not start.
The car won’t start.

(VII) Use of ‘Would’

Rule (1) : Would का प्रयोग will के Past Tense form के रूप में Indirect speech में होता है। जैसे –

He said, “He will go there.”
→ He said that he would go there.

She said, “You will love me.”
→ She said that he would love her.

Rule (2) : Would का प्रयोग Past habit को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

He would talk upon the subject for hours together.
She would sit for hours in her garden and knit.
Gandhijee would spin every morning.
He would go for a walk every morning.

After lunch he would have a shortnap.

Rule (3) : Would का प्रयोग Polite request को express करने के लिए Interrogative sentence में होता है। जैसे –

Would you please lend me your book?
Would you like to have a cup of coffee?
Would you please listen to me?

Rule (4) : Would का प्रयोग Probability (संभावना) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

He would be her husband.
He would be a farmer.

Rule (5) : Would का प्रयोग wish (इच्छा) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

Would that he were here.
Would that I were a bird.
I wish I would see her again.

Note : Would like to का प्रयोग भी wish (इच्छा) को express करने के लिए होता है। जैसे –

He would like to know what his future is.

Rule (6) : Would का प्रयोग determination (दृढ़ता/निश्चय) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

He would have his own way.
The criminal would never surrender before the judge.
He would not lie.

Rule (7) : Would का प्रयोग Past willingness (तत्परता) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

She said that she would help me.
I would do as you bid.
He would like to see her.

Rule (8) : Would का प्रयोग Preference (पसंद / प्राथमिकता) or choice (पसंद/चुनाव) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

He would rather die than tell a lie.
She would rather go than stay.
He would as soon die as beg.

Note : जब comparative degree के sentence में would का प्रयोग preference or choice को express करने के लिए होता है तो would के बाद rather or sooner का प्रयोग होता है।

Rule (9) : Would का प्रयोग Present or Past के unreal conditions या कोरी कल्पना को express करने वाले sentences के principal clause में होता है। जैसे –

If I were a bird, I would fly in the sky.
If I were the P. M. of India, I would solve the problem of Kashmir.
I would go there, if I were allowed.
If you were to start early tomorrow morning, you would reach there before sunrise.
If you had worked hard, you would have been successful.
If he had visited Agra, he would have seen the Taj Mahal.

Note : इस प्रकार के sentences के principal clause में possibility (संभावना) को express करने के लिए would के बदले could or might का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

If I had money, I could buy a motor cycle.
If you had come here, you might have done well.

Rule (10) : Would का प्रयोग refusal (इंकार) के भाव को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

He wouldn’t answer any questions.
He refused to answer any questions.
The machine wouldn’t start.

(VIII) Use of ‘Should’

Rule (1) : Should का प्रयोग shall के Past Tense form के रूप में Indirect speech में होता है। जैसे –

I said, “I shall not do this work.”
→ I said that I should not do that work.

He said to me, “Will you help me?”
→ He asked me if I should help him.

Rule (2) : Should का प्रयोग moral obligation (नैतिक दायित्व) or duty (कर्तव्य) के भाव को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

One should love one’s country.
You should not quarrel with your friend.

Note : Should have का प्रयोग Past duty को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

I should have attended the meeting yesterday but I forgot all about it.
He should have paid the money long ago.

Rule (3) : Should का प्रयोग advice देने के भाव को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

You should not laugh at his mistakes.
We should not give the child a knife to play with.
He should consult a doctor at once.
You should abstain from wine.

Rule (4) : Should का प्रयोग supposition (कल्पना) को express करने के लिए conditional clause में होता है। जैसे –

If it should rain, they will not come.
If she should see me here, she will be annoyed.

Rule (5) : Should का प्रयोग possibility (संभावना) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

I think he should come tomorrow.
They should win the match.

Note : Should का प्रयोग less possibility (कम संभावना) को express करने के लिए conditional clause में होता है। इससे ‘संदेह’ के भाव का बोध होता है। जैसे –

If he should come, ask him to wait for me.

ऊपर दिये गए example में if he should come का अर्थ “उसके आने की कम संभावना है फिर भी यदि वह आता है तो ….” होता है।

Rule (6) : So that/in order that से स्टार्ट होने वाले clause में purpose and result को express करने के लिए should का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

We did it carefully so that one should see it.
He did it in order that all should be satisfied.

Rule (7) : Should का प्रयोग lest के बाद negative purpose (नकारात्मक उद्देश्य) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

He ran fast lest he should miss the train.
Work hard lest you should fail.
Take heed lest you should fall.

Rule (8) : Should का प्रयोग subordinate clause में verbs or phrases के बाद determination, willingness, threats, orders or promises को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

I promised my son that he should have a new book.
I have ordered that he should play today.
The officer gave orders that we should be well looked after.
Is your elder brother willing that you should go abroad?

Rule (9) : Should का प्रयोग formal notices or instructions (औपचारिक सूचनाएँ/निर्देशों) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

Candidates should answer all the questions.
Your applications should reach here before 26th January, 2015.

Rule (10) : Should का प्रयोग condition (शर्त) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

Should he not come, what shall we do?
Should anybody object, do not come?

Rule (11) : Should का प्रयोग unreal situation (अवास्तविक स्थिति) को express करने वाले sentences के principal clause में polite advice (विनम्र सलाह) or Improvement (सुधार) के लिए दिये गए डाँट फटकार के लिए होता है। जैसे –

If he were you, he should not do it.
If I were you, I should not cheat him.

(IX) Use of ‘Ought To’

Rule (1) : Ought to का प्रयोग moral obligation (नैतिक कर्त्तव्य) desirability or duty को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

We ought to love our country.
We ought to help those who are in need.
You ought to help your poor friends.
One ought not to make a noise in the class.
He ought to be ashamed of his rude behaviour.
You ought to get better marks.
One ought not to abuse a beggar.
Students ought to work hard.

Rule (2) : Ought to का प्रयोग strong probability (प्रबल संभावना) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

He ought to win the race.
She ought to pass in the first division.
The film ought to be a great success.

Rule (3) : Ought to का प्रयोग Advice (सलाह) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

You ought to read the Gita.
Students ought to get up early in the morning.

Rule (4) : Ought to का प्रयोग logical necessity (तार्किक आवश्यकता) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

Aditi ought not to be late.
Aditya ought to start at once.

Note : उपरोक्त सभी परिस्थितियों में Ought to के बदले should का प्रयोग किया जा सकता है।

Rule (5) : Ought to + have + M. V³ का प्रयोग Past obligation को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

He ought to have worked hard.
I ought to have visited my brother yesterday.
You ought to have seen the film.
She ought to have obeyed her husband.
You ought to have helped her.

Note : (i) Ought to का Past Tense form नहीं होता है। लेकिन इसका Past Tense form ought to + have + M. V³ के रूप में प्रयुक्त होता है।
(ii) Ought to तथा should का प्रयोग एक दूसरे के बदले होता है। अर्थात् इसके प्रयोग में कोई अंतर नहीं होता है।

Rule (6) : Ought not to + have + M. V³ का प्रयोग Past के disapproval (नामंजूरी/अस्वीकृति) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

You ought not to have laughed at her mistakes.
Veena ought not to have treated her husband like that.

(X) Use of ‘Musť

Rule (1) : Must का प्रयोग compulsion (बाध्यता) or strong moral obligation (प्रबल नैतिक कर्त्तव्य) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

Candidates must answer at least five out of the ten questions.
Cars must not be parked in front of the gate.
One must keep one’s promises.
You must do as you are told.
Soldiers must obey orders without questions.
The patient must take medicine in time.

Rule (2) : Must का प्रयोग fixed determination (पक्का इरादा /दृढ़संकल्प) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

We must go.
I must have my money back.
You must surrender yourself to her father.
We must firmly deal with the anti social elements.
You must lend him Rs 1000.

Rule 3 : Must का प्रयोग duty (कर्तव्य) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

A soldier must fight for his country.
A judge must be upright.
Every one must do his duty.

Rule (4) : Must का प्रयोग certainty (निश्चितता) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

You must finish the work by tomorrow.
We must win this match.
Your father must be nearly seventy now.

Rule (5) : Must का प्रयोग strong likelihood (प्रबल संभावना) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

You must have heard about Smt. Gandhi.
He must be hungry after his long walk.
He must be a robber.

Rule (6) : Must का प्रयोग inevitable (अनिवार्य/अवश्यसम्भावी) के भाव को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

We must all die.
If we want to keep ourselves fit, we must get up early.
Students must work hard to get 80% marks.

Note : (i) written orders or instructions (लिखित आदेशों या निर्देशों) को express करने के लिए भी must का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

Employees must be at their desks by 10. a.m.
Workers must be at their duty on Sunday next.

(ii) अधिक तीव्रता के भाव को express करने के लिए should के बदले must का प्रयोग किया जाता है।

(XI) Use of ‘Used To’

Rule (1) : Used to का प्रयोग Past habit/situation (भूतकाल की आदत/अवस्था) को express करने के लिए किया जाता है। जैसे –

He used to walk in the morning.
Gandhijee used to spin in the afternoon.
My grandmother used to go to temple every morning.
She used to play ludo before her marriage.
People used to think that the sun travelled round the earth.

Note : (i) Used to तथा would दोनों का प्रयोग Past habit को express करने के लिए एक दूसरे के बदले किया जा सकता है। जैसे –

He would walk in the morning.
Gandhijee would spin in the afternoon.

(ii) Use to or uses to का प्रयोग Present habit को express करने के लिए नहीं होता है। बल्कि Simple Present Tense का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

He uses to smoke (x)
He smokes. (√)
We use to eat (x)
We eat. (√)

Rule (2) : Used to का प्रयोग discontinued habit को express करने के लिए किया जाता है न कि would का। जैसे –

I used to smoke cigarettes; now I smoke a pipe.
He used to drink beer; now he drinks wine.

Note : (i) Used to का प्रयोग affirmative, negative तथा Interrogative sentence में इस प्रकार होता है। जैसे –

(a) Affirmative

He used to walk.

(b) Negative

He used not to walk.
He did not use to walk.

(c) Interrogative

Used he to walk?
Did he use to walk?

(ii) Used to का प्रयोग be accustomed to (अभ्यस्त होना) के अर्थ में होता है। इस अर्थ में used का प्रयोग adjective के रूप में होता है तथा इसके पहले be, become, get का प्रयोग अवश्य होता है जो किसी भी Tense में प्रयुक्त हो सकता है। इस अर्थ में used to के बाद noun/pronoun/gerund का प्रयोग निश्चित रूप से होता है। जैसे –

He is not used to drinking tea without any sugar in it.
She is used to working in a noisy room.
I am not used to walking long distances.
They soon got used to living in the country.
I am not used to a hot climate.

(XII) Use of ‘Need’

Rule (1) : Need का प्रयोग ‘की आवश्यकता होना या पड़ना’ (require/to have to be necessary) के अर्थ में main verb के रूप में singular तथा plural दोनों form में होता है। जैसे –

He needs my help.
He needs to go there.
They need to do their homework.
I need a book.
You need some money.

Note : (i) Need का प्रयोग main verb के रूप में Past Tense तथा Past Participle के रूप में होता है। जैसे –

I needed his permission to write this book.
He needed to talk to her.

(ii) Need का प्रयोग continuous Tense में नहीं होता है। जैसे –

He is needing some books. (x)
He needs some books. (√)

(iii) जब Need का प्रयोग main verb के रूप में होता है तो इसका negative तथा Interrogative sentence इस प्रकार बनाया जाता है। जैसे –

(a) Negative sentences

He does not need my help.
They do not need to do their homework.
I did not need his permission to write this book.

(b) Interrogative sentences.

Do you need my help?
Does he need a book?
Did he need to come here?

(iv) Need का प्रयोग main verb के रूप में होता है तो इसके बाद जरूरत के मुताबिक infinitive with ‘to’ (to + v) का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

I need to go there. (√)
I need go there. (x)

He needs to attend the class. (√)
He needs attend the class. (x)

They needed to come here. (√)
They needed come here. (x)

Rule (2) : Need not/needn’t का प्रयोग marginal Auxiliary verb के रूप में negative idea को express करने के लिए हमेशा plural form में होता है। जैसे –

I need not go there. (√)
He need not come here. (√)
He needs not come here. (x)
You needn’t do this work. (√)

(i) Need not/needn’t के बाद Infinitive with ‘to’ का प्रयोग नहीं होता है। जैसे –

He need not to go there. (x)
He need not go there. (√)

I needn’t to help you. (x)
I needn’t help you. (√)

Rule (3) : Need का प्रयोग Marginal Auxiliary Verb के रूप में या Modal Auxiliary verbs की तरह Interrogative sentence में plural form में इस प्रकार होता है। जैसे –

Need she go there?
Need he meet his boss?

Note : Need का प्रयोग hardly / only के साथ Marginal Auxiliary Verb के रूप में या Modal Auxiliary Verbs की तरह plural form में होता है। ऐसा प्रयोग भी अंग्रेजी भाषा में होता है। जैसे –

We need hardly remind you of your promise to visit us.
She need only sign this form and I shall do the rest.

(XIII) Use of ‘Dare’

Rule (1) : Dare का प्रयोग ‘साहस करना या हिम्मत करना’ (to be courageous enough to do something or to have the impudence) के अर्थ में main verb के रूप में singular तथा plural दोनों form में होता है। जैसे –

He dares to go there.
I dare to oppose my father.
They dare to come here.

Note : (i) Dare का प्रयोग main verb के रूप में Past Tense तथा Past participle के रूप में होता है। जैसे –

He dared to call me a fool.
She dared to oppose her husband.

(ii) जब Dare का प्रयोग ‘चुनौती देना या ललकारना’ (challenge) के अर्थ में होता है तो इसके ठीक बाद object का प्रयोग होता है तथा object के बाद Infinitive with ‘to’ का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

He dared me to get success.
I dared him to win the match.

(iii) जब Dare का प्रयोग main verb के रूप में होता है तो इसका Negative तथा Interrogative Sentence इस प्रकार बनाया जाता है। जैसे –

(a) Negative Sentences

He does not dare to go there.
I don’t dare to oppose my father.
They did not dare to talk to me.

(b) Interrogative Sentences

Does she dare to come here?
Do I dare to oppose my teacher?
Did they dare to talk to me?

(iv) Dare का प्रयोग Main verb के रूप में होता है तो इसके बाद जरूरत के मुताबिक Infinitive With ‘to’ का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

He does not dare to oppose his boss. (√)
He does not dare oppose his boss. (x)
They do not dare to speak against you. (√)
They do not dare speak against you. (x)

Rule (2) : Dare not/Daren’t का प्रयोग Marginal Auxiliary verb के रूप में negative idea को express करने के लिए हमेशा Plural form में होता है। जैसे –

I dare not go there. (√)
He dare not oppose his father. (√)
He dares not to oppose his father. (x)

Note : Dare not/Daren’t के बाद Infinitive with ‘to’ का प्रयोग नहीं होता है। जैसे –

He dare not to go there. (x)
He dare not go there. (√)
I daren’t to call you a fool. (x)
I daren’t call you a fool. (√)

Rule (3) : Dare का प्रयोग Marginal Auxiliary verb के रूप में या Modal Auxiliary verb की तरह Interrogative Sentence में Plural Form में Infinitive With ‘to’ के बिना होता है। जैसे –

Dare she oppose her father ?
How dare you touch her?

उपरोक्त वाक्यों में dare का प्रयोग Marginal या Modal Auxiliary verb के रूप में हुआ है। लेकिन How do you dare to touch her ? में dare का प्रयोग Main verb के रूप में हुआ है।

ध्यान देने योग्य बातें

Rule (1) : Double modal Auxiliary verbs का प्रयोग एक साथ नहीं होता है। जैसे –

He should must go there. (x)
He should go there. (√)
He must go there. (√)

You can must solve this sum. (x)
You can solve this sum. (√)
You must solve this sum. (√)

Rule (2) : Double Modal Auxiliary verbs का प्रयोग किसी Conjunction (and) से जोड़कर किया जाता है। जैसे –

He should and must go there.
You can and must solve this sum.

Rule (3) : यदि double Auxiliary verbs का प्रयोग किसी Conjunction (and) से जोड़कर एक Main Verb के लिए हो तो दोनों Auxiliary Verbs के साथ Main verb के suitable form का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

You have won and will win a lot of prizes.
He has not worked hard and will not work hard.

Rule (4) : यदि दो Subjects किसी Sentence के Subject हों तथा उनमें एक Singular तथा दूसरा Plural हो और दोनों Subjects Conjunction (and) से जुड़े हों तो दोनों Subjects के Number तथा Person के मुताबिक Auxiliary Verbs का प्रयोग होता है। जैसे –

One was honest and five were dishonest. (√)
One was honest and five dishonest. (x)
One has failed and six have passed. (√)
One has failed and six passed. (x)

उपरोक्त वाक्यों से यह स्पष्ट है कि दूसरे Subject के साथ Auxiliary Verb का प्रयोग नहीं करने या होने पर sentence गलत हो जाता है।

One was honest and five was dishonest. (x)
One has failed and six has passed. (x)

EXERCISE 17

Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate verbs, chosen from the ones given in the brackets —

1. He …will… need my help. (will, should, can)
2. You …should… see a doctor. (will, should, can)
3. …May…. I have another mango? (may, must, do)
4. …May…. God give you peace! (may, might, does)
5. No one …can…. challenge God. (may, can, must, should)
6. …May…. I go out, sir? (can, may, shall)
7. Every Bihari …can… speak Hindi. (may, can, must, should)
8. They …may… win the match. (may, ought to, are)
9. You …may… take my book for a day. (may, might, must)
10. She …may… get full marks in the examination. (might, can, may)
11. Who knows what …will…. happen? (can, will, should)
12. You …can…. come whenever you like. (can, may, might)
13. …Can…. you lift this box? (can, may, could)
14. I thought he …might…. be at home. (may, might, could)
15. You …might… have told me the truth. (might, may, can)
16. We eat that we …may…. live. (may, can, should)
17. You …must…. go to school in time. (must, ought to, should)
18. The parents …ought to…. look after their children. (must, ought to, may)
19. You …need…. not come today. (must, need, might)
20. You …ought… not to beat your wife. (ought, need, dare)
21. They …must… have missed the train. (ought to, must, should)
22. Soldiers …must…. obey orders without question. (must, should, ought to)
23. We …ought to…. be kind. (can, ought to, may)
24. …May… I use this pen? (shall, will, ought)
25. …Would…. that I were a bird! (may, would, should)
26. He said that he …would… do it. (would, will, can)
27. They …dare… not oppose us. (dare, ought, are)
28. We …used… to drink. (ought, should, used)
29. You …may… go if you …can… walk. (can, may, are)
30. He …might…. have missed the train. (may, might, can)

EXERCISE 18

Fill in the blanks with the most appropriate verbs, chosen from the ones given in the brackets —

1. How old …may… he be? (may, can, must)
2. Who am I that I …should… advise? (should, can, may)
3. You …must… keep your promise. (must, can, may)
4. …Would… you like to have a ride? (will, would, must)
5. The lion …can…. kill an ox. (may, can, will)
6. We …ought to… help the poor. (ought to, can, may)
7. If I were here I …would… Tell him. (would, will, shall)
8. Judges …must…. be honest. (must, should, might)
9. I wonder how he …can/dare… say it. (can, may, dare)
10. What does he …have… ? (has, have, got)
11. I have …had… nothing. (have, has, had)
12. He is used to …working… in a noisy room. (work, working, be)
13. This is the house where I …used to.. live. (used to, am, dare)
14. …Used… you to love her? (did, do, used)
15. He …dare… not cry. (dares, dare, do)
16. She must …be… here by now. (have, be, been)
17. He …must… be mad. (can, must, ought to)
18. …Can… it be true? (can, may, might)
19. …Can… you speak English? (may, can, might)
20. You …ought to… tell me what he said. (do, are, ought)
21. …Would…. you help me, please. (do, would, could)
22. …Could…. you lend me your pen for a minute. Please? (can, will, do)
23. The train is very late. So you …need not… drive very fast. (do not, need not, must not)
24. You …must not… use unfair means in the examination hall. (need not, must not, may not)
25. A child …must not… play with a sharp knife. (must not, need not, cannot)
26. You …should… go out for a walk every morning. (can, may, should)
27. I don’t think I …shall… be able to go. (shall, should, can)
28. I wish you …had… told me earlier. (have, had, has)
29. …Shall… I assist you? (shall, will, would)
30. He …might… come, but I should be surprised. (will, can, might)
31. He said that I …might… use his car any time. (can, might, should)
32. He is over eighty but …can… still read without glasses. (may, can, might)
33. If I ask her again, she …may…. refuse. (may, can, should)
34. They died that we …might… live. (may, might, could)
35. We …must… all die one day. (must, should, ought to)

Q1) Fill in the blanks with suitable Modal Auxiliary verbs.

1. ….May…. I go out, Sir? (may/can)
2. You ….can…… speak Hindi. (can/may)
3. It ….may….. rain tonight. (may/can)
4. The patient ….should…… take medicine in time. (should/might)
5. Work hard lest you ….would…… fail. (should/would)
6. …May… God help you! (may/might)
7. He ………. not help me. (need/needs)
8. She said that she ……… do. (can/could)
9. He ……… be rewarded if he stands first in his class. (shall/will)
10. I ……… punish you if you don’t behave yourself. (shall/will)
11. You ………. do your duty cheerfully. (should/must)
12. I ……… like to see that pen. (would/might)
13. We ……….. not to walk on the grass. (ought/should)
14. The work ……… time and patience. (need/needs)
15. He ……….. come here tomorrow. (need not/needs not)
16. He ………… punish the child. (dare not/dares not)
17. He ……… to ring her up again. (doesnot dare/daren’t)
18. They ……… to go swimming every morning. (used/did used)
19. I ………… know what my duty is. (would/should)
20. The box was so heavy that I ………. lift it. (cannot/could not)
21. Make haste lest you ……… miss the train. (should/may)
22. Gandhijee ……… to walk in the morning. (used/ought)
23. He prayed that God ……… give me prosperity. (might/could)
24. ……… I do it for you? (may/can)
25. You ……… keep your promise. (should/ought)

Q2) Fill in the blanks with suitable Modal Auxiliary verbs.

1. Children ….should…. obey their parents.
2. We …are…. to be married next month.
3. He …has…. to be there by 5 O’ clock.
4. I …can… swim across the river.
5. He …can… write what he can.
6. I …could… buy the book on English poetry.
7. We …need… not go tomorrow.
8. …Can… you lift this book?
9. I …could… swim across the river when I was young.
10. You …may… have a holiday tomorrow.
11. I ….will… go to see the match.
12. It ..may…. rain in another hour or two.
13. …Must… we go there tomorrow?
14. The letter …must… leave by today’s mail.
15. Once every week he …should… go for a swim in the sea.
16. She …can… sing a song.
17. You …… take regular exercise.
18. ……… you live long!
19. I worked hard lest I ……. fail.
20. He ……. be given a reward for his ability.
21. …….. I carry your bag?
22. I ……. go there in spite of all difficulties.
23. He ……. speak French.

– : समाप्त : –